Whistleblowers: Ho Buella Toka

Ha u khethe ho ba mololi oa mololi. Ke ho thulana ha tsebo le maemo, ka ho se tsebe ho kena kamanong kapa tlhokomelo le moetlo moo liphoso li patiloeng likhabineng tsa sekhutlo ntle le sepheo sa ho hloekisa bohlasoa.

Mathata a boits'oaro, likhang, mme khafetsa ho lahleheloa ke mosebetsi li koahela linako tsa ba lutseng litulong ho bua khahlano le ho senoloa hoa melao ea boitšoaro. Hore na ke Mark Felt ea thusang ho pepesa mahlabisa-lihlong a Watergate, Sherron Watkins o tlaleha mekhoa e fosahetseng ea boikarabello ho Enron, kapa Edward Snowden a senola phihlello e kholo ea mananeo a leihlo a lefats'e, liloli li ipeha tseleng ea terene e tlang ka sepheo sa ho qobella palo . Le ha mololi e mong le e mong a na le pale ea pale e ikhethang ho boiphihlelo ba hae, ha ke so lokela ho buisana le motho ea keneng mosebetsing a batla mathata mme a sa utloe bohloko haholo ka lebaka la ho bua.

Ka tlase ke lintho tse 13, tse arotsoeng likarolo tse peli, lipatlisiso li re bolella ka batho bana ba buang 'nete ka sebete ba loanelang ts'ireletso le toka bakeng sa bohle.

1. Tlhaloso ea Mareo. Leha barutehi ba lula ba ngangisana ka tlhaloso ea mantsoe a rarahaneng, bafuputsi ba ho letsetsa mololi ba lumellana haholo ka tlhaloso e qalileng ho hlahisoa ke Near le Miceli (1985), ho letsetsa mololi ke "ho senola ha litho tsa mokhatlo (tsa mehleng kapa tsa hona joale) tsa batho ba seng molaong, ba boitšoaro bo bobe kapa ba seng molaong. mekhoa e tlasa taolo ea bahiri ba bona, bathong kapa mekhatlong e ka khonang ho nka khato. ”

2. Litšobotsi tsa Bangoli. Patlisiso e entsoeng ke Mesmer-Magnus le Viswesvaran (2005) e fumane hore batho ba letsang mololi ba na le boits'oaro bo botle, ba na le boits'oaro bo matla, mme ba beha mohlala oa sebete sa boits'oaro, se hlalosoang e le boikemisetso ba ho nka khato ha ba tobane le tlolo ea molao le ho hloka toka. Batho ba letsang mololi ba tloaetse ho ba barutehi haholo 'me hangata ba ba le maemo a bolaoli bo holimo. Lilemo le ho lula ka mokhatlong ha li so bonts'a mabaka a ho bolela.

Holtbrügge, Baron, and Friedmann (2015) ba ile ba nyahamisoa ke ho fumana hore basebetsi ba bangata ba nka leano la boits'oaro ha ba le mosebetsing, ba latela moetlo oa mokhatlo le ha seo se bolela ho ba le seabo kapa ho kenya letsoho boteng ba boitšoaro bo belaetsang. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, baloli ba na le sesupa-tsela se matla sa boitšoaro se ke keng sa khelosoa ke likhatello tsa kantle ho latela liphoso. Boholo ba batho ba letsang mololi ba pheha khang ea hore ho pepesa ho hloka toka ha se khetho empa ke tlamo, haholo kamora ho bona ho iphapanya le ho se tsotelle ha basebetsi-'moho.

3. Balateli ba Babe. Joalokaha Solas (2019) a tiisa, "Baetapele ba babe ba ne ba ke ke ba tseba ho fihlela litabatabelo tsa bona ntle le ts'ehetso ea balateli ba itetseng, ba ratang menyetla, ba bonolo kapa ba sa tsotelleng. Katleho ea bona e tiisoa ke ho ba thata ho bongata bo khutsitseng. Ho etsa lintho tse tsoileng tseleng ka sebele ho rarolla bothata ba boitelo. ”

"Balateli ba babe," ho latela Solas, ba oela ho o mong oa mekhahlelo e mene. Sehlopha sa pele se mamela litaelo ka sepheo sa ho khahlisa batsamaisi, ho rua molemo ka khutso, kapa hobane ho bonolo ho amohela bolaoli ho fapana le ho ba le boits'oaro. Sehlopha sa bobeli, seo Kellerman (2004, 2008) a se bitsang "baetsi ba bobe," ha se hlokahale ho hohela ho etsa boitšoaro bo bobe. Ho joalokaha eka ba matlafatsoa ke tšoantšiso le liketso tse sehlōhō. Sehlopha sa boraro, se latela moetapele ka lebaka la ho hloka tharollo, boits'epo bo sa lekaneng, kapa ts'abo ea bompoli le boiphetetso. Sehlopha sa ho qetela sa balateli, seo ka linako tse ling se bitsoang "itšehla thajana," sea ipoloka, se bonts'a litšobotsi tsa ho se tsotelle.

Solas (2019) o pheha khang ea hore molemong oa ho loants'a "balateli ba babe," mekhatlo e tlameha ho shebana le ho holisa tsebo e ka fihlelloang ka ho hira batho ba sa tšabeng ho ema ho bongata bo bobe le ho hanela litloaelo tse senyehileng tsa setso. Ho hlahisa tsebo ho hloka libaka tsa mosebetsi ho pheta pale e ncha ka se boleloang ke ho sebeletsa, ho atleha, ho latela le ho etella pele.

4. Likoti Molaong o Sireletsang. Melao e mengata e fanang ka tšireletso ho batho ba letsang mololi e totobetse ho mmuso, joalo ka The Whistleblower Enhancement Act ea 2012 e ts'ehetsang basebetsi ba mmuso ba tlalehang bosholu, litšila le tlhekefetso, kapa Molao oa Boipelaetso oa Bohata, o tsejoang hape e le Molao oa Lincoln, o sirelletsang mananeo a mmuso ho qhekella ka ho beha mokoloto ho batho ka bomong le lik'hamphaning tse fanang ka litlaleho tsa bohata. Tse ling, joalo ka ha ho bonts'itsoe ke Boyne (2014), ke "melao e ikhethileng e amanang le indasteri" e sieang mololi a le mong serameng.

Setsi sa National Whistleblower le Morero oa Boikarabello ba Mmuso ke mekhatlo e 'meli e fanang ka lisebelisoa tse ngata. Bangoli ba eletsoa hantle hore ba batle boeletsi ho babuelli ba molao ba khiro ba tsebang hantle melao ea ts'ireletso ea mmuso le mmuso mme ba bokelletse rekoto e atlehileng ea ho sireletsa baloli ba sebete ho lekana ho bua.

5. Ho se mamele ha sechaba. Ho se mamele ha sechaba ho qala setulong sa moea, ha mololi a utloa hore ho na le ho hong ho botsoang, ebe ho tsoaloa lefatšeng, ha a ema 'me a tiisa, "Nke ke ka nka karolo ho hloka toka hona mme ke tla phatlalatsa liphoso tse entsoeng ho sebakeng sena, khahlanong le batho bao re lefisitsoeng ho ba sireletsa. ”

Thoreau, moqoqong oa hae oa khale Ho se mamele ha sechaba . 'me ka lebaka la ho e hlompha, esita le batho ba nang le tšekamelo e ntle letsatsi le leng le le leng ba etsoa baemeli ba ho hloka toka. ” O tsoela pele ho khothaletsa batho ba bangata hore, "Bophelo ba hau e be khohlano e khahlano le ho emisa mochini. Seo ke tlamehang ho se etsa ke ho bona, leha ho le joalo, hore ha ke ikamohele phoso eo ke e nyatsang. ” Ka kutloisiso ena, Thoreau o ile a utloisisa hore na ho bonolo hakae hore batho ka bomong ba amohele melao le moetlo o sa buuoeng oa mokhatlo o chefo, a re, "Morui ... o lula a rekisetsoa setsi se mo ruisang ... chelete e ngata, matla a fokolang. ”

Brownlee (2012) o haha ​​mosebetsing oa Thoreau a qotsa maemo a mabeli a hlokahalang bakeng sa ho se mamele ha sechaba. Taba ea mantlha, ketso e tlameha ho etsoa ka boomo, 'me ea bobeli, e tlameha ho etsoa ka sepheo sa ho hlahisa kantle kamohelo ka tšepo ea ho nchafatsa liphoso le ho ama liphetoho tse tšoarellang.

Ho se mamele ha sechaba, ka tlhaloso, ho sisinya bolaoli le ho bonesa lebone likhutlong tsa boits'oaro bo sa tsitsang boo basebetsi ba tlamehileng ho bo hlokomoloha. Liphuputso li etsa mohlala oa sena "ho sheba ka lehlakoreng le leng" joalo ka motsamaisi oa sekolo ea epelang folda ea faele e tletse litletlebo tsa batsoali tse hlalosang liketso tsa mosuoe ea hlekefetsang kapa mong'a lebenkele la sekhutlo leo liakhaonte tsa hae tse amoheloang ha li tšoane hantle le se amohetsoeng.

Kennedy le Schweitzer (2018) ba fumane hore leha batho ba letsang mololi khafetsa ba utloa bohloko ba ho iphetetsa nakong e khuts'oane, tatelanong ea nalane ea nalane, ba etsa hore sechaba se tšepe maemo a phahameng ka lebaka la boikemisetso ba bona ba ho loanela toka ka litšenyehelo tse ngata tsa botho, hangata ho kenyeletsoa le tahlehelo ea mesebetsi . Ka mantsoe a mang, ho se mamele ha sechaba ho tlisa mathata a nakoana empa ho ka fana ka tšepo e tšoarellang le phetoho ka har'a sechaba se pharalletseng.

6. Baemeli ba Phetoho ea Boitšoaro le Filosofi ea Tlhahisoleseling. Boemo ba boitšoaro bo khopisitsoeng ke batho ba letsang mololi ka mokhoa o se nang molato ho kanna eaba bo hahiloe le ho koaloa ka lilemo kapa mashome a lilemo. Litsela tse joalo li fana ka mohlala oa koluoa ​​ea IE kapa melao ea boits'oaro ea tlhaiso-leseling. Polelo IE e ne e le qalong ea libuka tsa lipatlisiso tsa laeborari 'me e sebetsane le litlamorao tsa boits'oaro ba hore na tlhaiso-leseling e etsoa joang, e tsamaellana joang,' me e phatlalatsoa kapa e pateloa batho ba khethiloeng ka sepheo se itseng.

Moprofesa oa Oxford, Luciano Floridi (2010, 2016), o hlalositse poleloana ena, a sisinya hore IE e fana ka tumello ea lekala la eona la filosofi, ho fapana le ho sebetsa e le tlatsetso lithutong tse ling tse kang saense ea likhomphutha kapa taolo ea tsebo. Khopolo ea ho letsetsa mololi, ka kutloisiso ena, ehlile ke khopolo ea tlhaiso-leseling. E hlahloba hore na ke mang ea hlahisang tlhaiso-leseling, haeba tlhahisoleseling e nepahetse, le hore na tlhahisoleseling e lokela ho sebelisoa, ho hlekefetsoa, ​​ho patoa kapa ho lahloa.

Ha batho ba letsang mololi ba bua, ba ntse ba beha litaba tsa lekunutu tse ka bang kotsi sechabeng bakeng sa tlhahlobo e hlokahalang le tlhoekiso. Mohlala, morekisi oa lihlahisoa a ka arolelana lipuisano ho tsoa kopanong ea poraefete, moo basebetsi ba khothalelitsoeng ho hlokomela letlole le sa tsitsang ho batho ba tsofetseng, sechaba se ruang molemo ho matsete a tloaetseng ho boloka.Mohlala ona, mololi o ts'epa ho emisa ts'ebetso ka ho pepesa ketso e sa utloahaleng. Ts'ebetso ena ea tlhaiso-leseling hangata e hlaha feela kamora hore mololi a leke khafetsa ho lokisa bothata ba boits'oaro ka ho tsamaisa kahare.

Ka kopo tlanya mona bakeng sa Karolo ea II le ho fumana hore na ho letsetsa mololi ke ketso ea sebete, ts'ebetso e tsoelang pele eseng ketso e le 'ngoe, ho senola boiphihlelo ba mololi, boits'oaro ba bona ba sechaba le bahlaseluoa, mefuta ea libaka tse hlohlelletsang batho ba letsang mololi, ho ata ha boiphetetso bakeng sa ho bua, le maano a ho phela "ho etsa 'nete" (Devine le Maassarani, 2011).

Tokelo ea Copyright (2020). Dorothy Courtney Suskind, Ph.D.

Boot, E. R. (2019). Melao ea boitšoaro ea ho letsetsa mololi mololi. London: Tsela ea Routledge.

Moshanyana, S. M. (2014). Ho letsetsa mololi. American Journal of Comparative Law, 62, 425-455.

Brown, A. J. (2008). Ho letsetsa lekala la sechaba la Australia: ho ntlafatsa mohopolo le ts'ebetso ea taolo ea lipaki tsa kahare mekhatlong ea sechaba.

Brownlee, K. (2012). Letsoalo le Kholiseho: Nyeoe ea ho se mamele ha sechaba. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Devine, T., Maassarani, T. F., & Morero oa Boikarabello ba Mmuso. (2011). Tataiso ea ho pholoha ea whistleblower ea koporasi: buka ea ho etsa 'nete (Ser. Bk currents book). Berrett-Koehler.

Floridi, L. (2010). Filosofi ea tlhaiso-leseling: lilemo tse leshome hamorao. Metaphilosophy, 41 (3), 402-419.

Floridi, L. (2016). Boikarabello bo se nang molato: ka sebopeho le kabo ea boikarabello ba boitšoaro bakeng sa liketso tsa boitšoaro tse ajoeng. Liketsahalo tsa Filosofi: Mathematics, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 374 (2083), 1-13.

Holtbrügge, D., Baron, A., le Friedmann, C. (2015). "Litšobotsi tsa botho, maemo a mokhatlo, le boits'oaro bo botle: Mokhoa oa ho tseba sechaba," Ethics Ethics: A European Review 24: 264-281.

Kellerman, B. (2004). Boetapele bo fosahetseng: Ke eng, Ho etsahala joang, hobaneng ho le bohlokoa. Boston, MA: Khatiso ea Univesithi ea Harvard.

Kellerman, B. (2008). Balateli: Kamoo balateli ba thehang liphetoho le ho fetola baetapele. Boston, MA: Khatiso ea Khoebo ea Harvard.

Kennedy, J. A., & Schweitzer, M. E. (2018). Ho aha ho tshepana ka ho heletsa ba bang: ha o qosa ba bang ka boitshwaro bo sa lokang ho baka tshepo. Mekhoa ea boits'oaro ba mokhatlo le liqeto tsa batho, 149, 111-128.

Kenny, K. (2019). Ho letsetsa mololi: Ho ea khopolong e ncha. Cambridge: Khatiso ea Univesithi ea Harvard.

Kenny, K., Vandekerckhove, W., & Fotaki, M. (2019). Tataiso ea ho letsetsa mololi: Litokisetso tsa ho bua, liphephetso le mekhoa e metle. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley le Bara.

Lennane, J. (1996). Ho etsahalang ka baloli, hona hobaneng? Meriana ea Sechaba, 6 (4), 249-258.

Mannion, R., Blenkinsopp, J., Powell, M., McHale, J., Millar, R., Snowden, N., & Davies, H. (2018). Ho utloisisa likheo tsa tsebo ea ho letsetsa mololi le ho bua ka tlhokomelo ea bophelo bo botle: litlhahlobo tse phetoang tsa lingoliloeng tsa lipatlisiso le lipotso tsa semmuso, tlhahlobo ea molao le lipuisano tsa bankakarolo. Litšebeletso tsa Bophelo le Patlisiso ea Tlhahiso, 6 (30), 1-190.

Mesmer-Magnus, J. R., & Viswesvaran, C. (2005). Ho letsetsa mololi mekhatlong: ho hlahlojoa likamano tsa merero ea ho letsetsa mololi, liketso le boiphetetso. Tlaleho ea Boitšoaro ba Khoebo, 62 (3), 277-297.

Haufi, J. P., & Miceli, M. P. (1986). Phetetso khahlanong le baloli: Lits'oants'o le litlamorao. Leqephe la Applied Psychology, 71 (1), 137-145.

Haufi, J. P., & Miceli, M. P. (1985). Ho hloka kutloano ha mokhatlo: Nyeoe ea ho letsa mololi. Tlaleho ea Boitšoaro ba Khoebo, 4 (1), 1-16.

Özdemir, M. (2013). Kamano ea bobolu ba mokhatlo le khanyetso ea mokhatlo le ho letsetsa mololi likolong tsa Turkey. Setsi sa Univesithi ea Cukurova University of Education, 42 (1).

Perron, A., Rudge, T., & Gagnon, M. (2020). Baoki ba hlokomelehang: litlamorao tsa ho potoloha ho hloka tsebo le tsebo liketsong tsa ho letsetsa mololi bophelo bo botle. Likarabo. Tsoelo-pele ho Saense ea Booki, 43 (2), 114-131.

Rehg, M. T., Miceli, M. P., Haufi, J. P., & Van Scotter, J. R. (2008). Lits'oants'o le litholoana tsa ho iphetetsa khahlano le baloli: liphapang tsa bong le likamano tsa matla. Mokhatlo oa Saense, 19 (2), 221-240.

Schilpzand, P., Hekman, D. R., & Mitchell, T. R. (2015). Mofuta o sebetsanang le boits'oaro o sebetsanang le boits'oaro. Mokhatlo oa Saense, 26 (1), 52-77.

Solas, J. (2019). Ho hana ho etsa liphoso ka lebaka la letsoalo. Tlhahlobo ea Khoebo le Mokhatlo, 124 (1), 43-62.

Thoreau, H. D. (2015). Ho se mamele ha sechaba. New York: Mecha ea litaba e kopaneng.

Vandekerckhove, W. (2018). Ho lla le ho fana ka tlhaiso-leseling ka boits'oaro: ho thusa, entropy le ecopoiesis. Tlaleho ea Boitšoaro ba Khoebo, 152 (1), 15-25.

Weitzel, P., le Rodgers, Z. 2015. "Boleng bo pharalletseng ba kabelo le karolo e ke keng ea qojoa ea letsoalo," New York University Journal of Law and Business 35: 35-96.