Liteko tsa Taolo ea Kelello ea Mmuso oa U.S.

Morero MKULTRA e ne e le lenaneo la taolo ea kelello la Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) le neng le sebelisa mekhoa ea LSD le hypnosis ho hlasela batho ka bomong. Theodore Kaczynski, eo hape a tsejoang ka hore ke Unabomber, e ne e le karolo ea liteko tsa Henry Murray mane Harvard moo sehlopha sa Murray se ileng sa hlorisa, sa hlekefetsa le ho hlasela barupeluoa kelellong. Henry Murray o ne a kile a sebeletsa ea tlileng pele ho CIA mme a kanna eaba o ne a tšehelitsoe ke lenaneo la sekhukhu la MKULTRA.

Nalane ea Ethics Breeches

Saense e bile le likarolo tsa eona tsa tlolo ea boitšoaro, hangata e nang le baahi ba kotsing ea ho sebelisoa hampe (Davis, 2006). Ho tloha ka 1932-1972, thuto ea Tuskegee Syphilis e ile ea hira banna ba batšo bakeng sa lithuto tsa syphilis (Amdur, 2011). Bana ba lipetleleng tsa kelello ba tšoaelitsoe ke lefu la sebete (lithuto tsa Willowbrook Hepatitis tsa li-1950s), ba pepeselitsoe lisebelisoa tsa mahlaseli a kotsi (Davis, 2006), le bakuli ba nang le boits'ireletso ba mmele ba kentsoeng lisele tsa mofets'e tse phelang (Jewish Chronic Disease Hospital Study of the 1960s) , Amdur, 2011). Ho arabela liketsahalong tsa mofuta ona ho lebisitse ho Sistimi ea sejoale-joale ea Boto ea Tlhatlhobo ea Setheo, e ipapisitse le melaoana ea 1974 Belmont Report (Amdur & Bankert, 2011; Bankert & Amdur, 2006).

Patlisiso ea Lekunutu ea Boitšoaro ba Mmuso oa U.S.

CIA e ile ea arabela litlaleho tsa lik'hemik'hale tse sebelisetsoang ho hlongoa lipotso le ho hlatsoa kelello ho Soviet Union le People's Republic of China ho li-1940 le li-1950. Ho arabela ts'oso ena ea ts'ireletso ea naha, ba thehile letoto la mananeo ho kenyeletsoa MKULTRA (Komiti e Ikhethileng ea Bohlale le Komiti ea Botho, 1977). Ho tloha ka 1953-1964, mmuso oa Amerika o ile oa etsa lipatlisiso tsa phetoho ea boits'oaro ho batho bao ba lekileng, hara tse ling, ts'ebeliso ea hypnosis le LSD molemong oa sephiri. (CBS Network, 1984; CIA, 1977; Komiti e Ikhethileng ea Bohlale le Komiti ea Litaba tsa Botho, 1977).

Hypnosis ke ts'ebetso e shebaneng le tlhokomelo, e amanang le tlhokomeliso e nang le sethala sa ho kenella le sethala sa tlhahiso (Kassin, 2004). Boemong ba ho kenella, tlhokomelo ea motho e fetoha e fetelletseng. Boemong ba tlhahiso, motho o bulehetse litlhahiso tse entsoeng ke motšerehanyi. Hypnosis ka linako tse ling e sebelisoa ho phekola phobias, khatello ea maikutlo le bohloko (Zimbardo, Johnson, & Weber, 2006). Bopaki bo bonts'a hore ba ts'eretsoang ba ke ke ba latela litlhahiso khahlano le thato ea bona (Wade & Tavris, 2000).

Batho ka bomong ba fapana ka ts'oaetso ea bona ea hypnosis (Kirsch & Braffman, 2001). Solomon Asch o nkile nalane ea nalane ea hypnosis ka puisano ea kamoo thahasello ho hypnosis e bileng sesosa sa patlisiso e matla ea psychology ea sechaba ka tlhahiso e akaretsang (Asch, 1952). Projeke ea CIA ea ARTICHOKE e sebelisitse pente ea sodium le hypnosis ho bankakarolo ho batla mekhoa e metle ea ho hlongoa lipotso (Khetha Komiti ea ho Ithuta Ts'ebetso ea Mmuso ka Tlhompho ea Mesebetsi ea Bohlale, Senate ea United States, 1976).

Lenaneo la CIA la MKULTRA le ne le na le merero e 162 ea lekunutu e tšehelitsoeng ke CIA litsing tse 80 tse nang le bafuputsi ba 185 (Eschner, 2017). Boholo ba lirekoto tsa lenaneo li sentsoe ka taelo ea Motsamaisi oa CIA Richard Helms ka 1973, empa tse ling tse ileng tsa lahleha timetsong eo li fumanoe ka 1977 (Select Committee on Intelligence and Committee on Human Resources, 1977). Rakhemisi oa CIA Sidney Gottleib o tsamaisitse lenaneo la MKULTRA (Gross, 2019). Lenaneo le ne le etsoa ka kotloloho ho ba le mokhoa o hlophisehileng oa ho tšehetsa lipatlisiso tsa boits'oaro tse amanang le ho hlatsoa kelello ntle le ho hohela tlhokomelo e mpe ea sechaba kapa lipotso tsa boits'oaro tse tsoang ho sechaba sa mahlale se seholo. Liphuputso li hlahlobile ho hlatsoa kelello le lipotso, 'me tsa kenyelletsa likopo tsa tšimo kamora lithuto tsa laboratori.

Tse ling tsa lithuto tsee li ne li le joang? Taba e 'ngoe ke hore ba bangata ba ne ba sena tumello e nang le tsebo le tlhokomelo e nepahetseng ea boits'oaro. Ewen Cameron o lekile ho hlakola mehopolo ka kalafo e phetoang khafetsa ea motlakase, a qobella boroko bo bakoang ke lithethefatsi, le ho tsamaisa bakuli ba hae LSD khafetsa Montreal (Kassam, 2018). Moriana oo ka tloaelo o tsejoang e le LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide) , ke serotonin agonist e hlahisang maikutlo a sothehileng a pono (Carlson, 2010). Bongata ba bakuli bana ba ile ba tla tleliniking ho ea alafshoa bakeng sa khatello ea maikutlo e itekanetseng mme sebakeng sa bona ba ile ba sebelisoa hampe likhoeli tse ngata.

E le karolo ea lenaneo la MKULTRA, Moemeli oa CIA o hirile matekatse ho kenya LSD ka har'a lino tsa batho mme a hlokomela se etsahetseng ka seipone sa mahlakore a mabeli (Zetter, 2010). Ka 1953, Dr. Frank Olson o ile a fuoa LSD ke baemeli ba CIA a sa tsebe mme a hlokahala ka lebaka leo (Select Committee on Intelligence and Committee on Human Resources, 1977). Baemeli ba CIA ba ne ba fana ka LSD ho baahi ba bang bao ba kopaneng le bona libakeng tsa libaka le libakeng tse ling. Baemeli ba ile ba memela baahi "matlong a bolokehileng" San Francisco le New York City moo ba ileng ba fuoa lithethefatsi ntle le tumello.

Batšoaruoa, bakuli ba tšoeroeng ke mofetše ba kulang, le masole a Amerika le bona ba sebelisitsoe bakeng sa lithuto tse ling, mme lithuto tse ling tse reriloeng li ile tsa batla ho hlahisa likhahla tsa boko ka maqhubu a molumo. Boholo ba lipatlisiso bo ne bo shebile nts'etsopele ea "serum ea 'nete" e neng e tla nolofalletsa ho latela lipotso (Komiti e Ikhethileng ea Bohlale le Komiti ea Litaba tsa Botho, 1977).

Setsi sa Naha sa Bophelo bo Botle ba Kelello se lefelletse lithuto tse ling tse entsoeng ho batšoaruoa ba lemaletseng lithethefatsi. LSD e ile ea fuoa masole a fetang 1 100 Sesoleng sa U.S. (Select Committee of Intelligence and Committee on Human Resources, 1977.) Ho latela Komiti e Khethiloeng ea Senate ea Amerika ho Ithuta Ts'ebetso ea Mmuso ka Tlhompho ea Mesebetsi ea Bohlale (1976), "Mananeo ana a liteko a ne a kenyelletsa tlhahlobo ea litlhare tse kenyelletsang litaba tsa batho, mme a fihla sehlohlolong litekong ho sebelisoa batho ba sa tsebeng, ba sa ithaope. Liteko tsena li ne li etselitsoe ho fumana litlamorao tse ka bang teng tsa lik'hemik'hale kapa likokoana-hloko ha li sebelisoa ka mokhoa o sebetsang khahlanong le batho ba sa tsebeng hore ba fumane moriana "(leq. 385).

Unabomber ea Harvard

Phuputso e 'ngoe e nang le mathata a boitšoaro e entsoe ke Henry A. Murray. Murray e ne e le moprofesa Univesithing ea Harvard mme o ne a sebelitse Ofisi ea Strategic Services (ea tlileng pele ho CIA) nakong ea Ntoa ea II ea Lefatše. O ngotse "Tlhatlhobo ea Botho ba Adolph Hitler," e neng e le tlhahlobo ea kelello ea Hitler e neng e sebelisoa ke sesole. Nakong ena, o boetse a thusa ho nts'etsapele liteko ho hlahloba masole, a etsa liteko tsa ho hlatsoa kelello, mme a tseba hore na masole a khona ho mamella lipotso joang. Lithuto tsa lipotso li ne li kenyelletsa ho hlongoa lipotso ka mokhoa o phoqang ho masole e le karolo ea ho lekola meeli ea maemo a bona a kelello (Chase, 2000). Ho tloha 1959-1962, Murray o ile a etsa lithuto tse joalo tsa lipotso ho Harvard undergraduates (Chase, 2000). Theodore Kaczynski, eo hamorao a ileng a tsejoa e le The Unabomber, e ne e le e mong oa barupeluoa ba 22 thutong ea Murray, ea ileng a hlongoa lipotso ka lilemo tse 'maloa tse etselitsoeng ho senya mohlankana eo kelellong.

Qetello

Ha ho makatse ha buka ea Richard Condon ea 1959, Mokhethoa oa Manchurian, e hapile tlhokomelo e kholo nakong ea mohatla oa lenaneo la MKULTRA. Lifilimi tse ling hangata kamora linyeoe tsa Senate tsa 1977 li amme tšabo ea baahi ba bangata ea tlhekefetso ea mmuso ea kelello (mohlala, Lekunutu la NIMH ka 1982 le Morero X ka 1987). Tšabo e salang ea ho sebelisoa hampe e fumanoa ho batho ba kang Screenslaver ho Makatsang 2 ho tloha ka 2018. Phello e mpe ea boithuto bo sa amoheleheng ponong ea sechaba ea mahlale e ntse e le teng.