Lithuto tsa Mafahla le "Lefa la Bokhabane"

"Ho ne ho bonahala eka ke molapo o sa khaotseng oa mafahla a banna ba lilemo li robeli a neng a tšolohela ka phapusing. Mafahla kamora lefahla ... lifahleho tsa bona, lifahleho tsa bona tse phetoang bakeng sa hore ho ne ho na le a le mong lipakeng tsa bongata ba bona ... (leq. 172) "... joalo ka tšenyane ba ne ba kakatetse ..." (leq. 178) ho ngotse Aldous Huxley ho Lefatše le Lecha le Sebete . (1932) Mona e ne e le "molao-motheo oa tlhahiso ea bongata qetellong o sebelisitsoeng ho baeloji:" (leq. 9) ho theoa ha mafahla a limilione tse tšoanang, ('me "eseng likotoana tse tharo le tse tharo tse qhekellang joalo ka matsatsing a khale a viviparous") (leq. . 8) empa "ntlafatso e ntle haholo tlhahong" (leq. 8) e neng e reretsoe ho theha botsitso sechabeng.

Litšoantšo tsa Lefatše le Lecha le Sebete lia tšosa ebile lia leleka, empa mafahla a khahlile batho nalaneng eohle. Ho na le mafahla a tummeng a litšōmo tsa Roma, Romulus le Remus, ba ileng ba anyesoa ke phiri e tšehali, 'me bao Romulus a ileng a fumana Roma ea khale. Mme ho ne ho ena le mafahla a bonahalang ka ho fapana Jakobo le Esau Bukeng ea Genese: Esau, "oa pele o ile a tsoa a le mofubelu kaofela, hohle joalo ka seaparo se boea." (Genese 25:25) "Bona, moholoane oa ka Esau ke motho ea boea, 'me' na ke motho ea boreleli." (Genese 27:11) (Bakeng sa phetolelo e qabolang ea seratsoana sena sa Genese, mamela thero eo, Nka Pew, ke Alan Bennett, ea tsoang Ka nqane ho Fringe: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UOsYN---eGk.) Le ho Shakespeare's Bosiu ba leshome le metso e 'meli , mafahla Viola le Sebastian ba tšoana hantle, ba hlalosoa e le "sefahleho se le seng, lentsoe le le leng, tloaelo e le 'ngoe le batho ba babeli. Pono ea tlhaho, ke hore,' me ha ho joalo," ho bolela 'Musisi. 'Me Antonio oa eketsa, "U ikarotse joang? Lekhalo la liapole ka lehare ha le lefahla ho feta libopuoa tsena tse peli." (Molao oa V, Pono ea 1)

Le ha Viola le Sebastian ba ne ba le thata ho khetholla e mong ho e mong, ba joalo ka banna le basali, mafahla a bara ba motho, kapa dizygotic (DZ) mme ba hlaha ka popelong ka nako ea peo ea mahe a mabeli ka nako e le 'ngoe. Ba arolelana, joalo ka banab'eso ba bang ka lapeng, ke 50% feela ea DNA ea bona. Mafahla a tšoanang kapa a monozygotic (MZ) a hlaha ho tloha karohanong ea lesea le sa tsoa emoloa mme a arolelana 100% ea DNA ea bona ka hona e lula e le batho ba bong bo tšoanang. Boikemisetso ba ho hlahloba bokhukhuni ke mohato oa pele oa ho lekola mafahla mme hangata bo etsoa ka ho lekola 'mala oa moriri, mahlo, sebopeho sa litsebe, molomo, meno le litšobotsi tse ling tsa' mele, ho kenyeletsoa le menoana ea menoana, hammoho le lithuto tsa sehlopha sa mali sa antigen. . (Börjeson, Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica , 1976)

Tlhahiso ea ho sebelisa mafahla lipatlisisong hangata e hlahisoa ke Sir Francis Galton, motsoala oa Charles Darwin, ho ella qetellong ea lekholo la bo19 la lilemo. Galton o phatlalalitse libuka tse peli, ho kenyelletsa Nalane ea Mafahla mme ke ne ke thahasella ho khetholla "lipakeng tsa litlamorao tsa litloaelo tse fumanoeng nakong ea tsoalo le tse behiloeng ke maemo a khethehileng a bophelo," ke hore, lipakeng tsa tlhaho le tlhokomelo. (joalo ka ha ho qotsitsoe ho Gedda, Mafahla ho Nalane le Saense , 1961, maq. 24-25) Leha ho le joalo, Galton ha a ka a bapisa mafahla a bana le a ts'oanang "kahoo a ke ke a nkuoa e le moqapi oa mokhoa oa mafahla." (Teo le Ball, Nalane ea Saense ea Botho , 2009)

Bafuputsi ba bang ba ile ba latela empa ho na le lehlakore le lefifi la ho etsa lipatlisiso tsa mafahla mathoasong le bohareng ba lilemo tsa lekholo la bo20 la lilemo, joalo ka ha ho bonahetse mosebetsing oa von Verschuer, eo e neng e le moeletsi oa Josef Mengele, ea tummeng hampe bakeng sa lithuto tsa hae tsa mafahla Auschwitz nakong ea Lefatše Ntoa ea II. Kamoo ho bonahalang kateng von Verschuer, eo e neng e le rasaense ea hlomphuoang haholo, e ne e le Manazi ebile a le khahlanong le Semite ea neng a sebelisa lithuto tsa hae tsa mafahla ho ntšetsa pele lipolotiki tsa hae tsa khethollo ea morabe. (Müller-Hill, Nalane le Filosofi ea Saense ea Bophelo , 1999) Ho tlalehoa hore Mengele o rometse lisampole tsa mahlo le lisampole tsa mali ho tsoa mafahla a 200 ao a ileng a etsa lipatlisiso tsa batho ka ona, ho von Verschuer bakeng sa tlhahlobo. Ke 10% feela ea mafahla ao a ileng a pholoha liteko tsa batho tsa Mengele. (Müller-Hill, 1999) Bakeng sa puisano ea khopamiso ea mahlale ke von Verschuer le Mengele le bohlokoa ba boitlamo ba ho "beha lithahasello tsa mokuli hantle ho feta tsa ngaka," bona Coller, Tlaleho ea Patlisiso ea Bongaka , 2006, ea hatisang hore ho na le "litekanyetso tse 'ne tsa mantlha tsa botho ba bongaka: bohlokoa kapa khalalelo ea bophelo ba motho ka mong; ho hlompha seriti sa botho, ho keteka phapang ea batho, le kananelo e utloelang bohloko ea ho rarahana ha boemo ba motho." (Coller, 2006) Le bakeng sa puisano ea ho siea le "nalane ea ntlafatso" ea lipatlisiso tsa mafahla tse fumanoang libukeng tse ling, sheba Teo le Ball, 2009.

Bafuputsi ba mathoasong a lekholo la bo20 la lilemo, ho kenyeletsoa von Verschuer, leha ho le joalo, ba ile ba qala ho nahana ka karolo ea lefutso haholo lefapheng la botenya. Ngaka George A. Bray, bukeng ea hae ea borutehi, Ntoa ea Bulge (2007), o hlahlobile nalane ea lipatlisiso tsa botenya mme a hatisa lipampiri tsa mantlha tsa Davenport (maq. 474 ff) (1923), hammoho le von Verschuer (maq. 492 ff) (1927.) Davenport, ea sebelisitseng karolelano eo re tseba joalo ka index ea boima ba 'mele (BMI), e bile oa pele oa ho ithuta kamano ea lefutso le tikoloho botenya mme a botsa, "Phapang ee ea ho aha lipakeng tsa batho ba basesaane le ba nama e ipapisitse le mabaka a molaotheo?" (ts. 474) E tswa ho Ngaka Bray (ya e adimileng ho moeletsi Edwin B. Astwood) (leq. 148) ke nkile sehlooho sa ka Lefa la Bokhabane .

Ho ile ha latela lithuto tse kholo tsa mafahla, ho kenyeletsoa mofuputsi oa Sweden ea bitsoang Börjeson (1976), ea ileng a sekaseka bohlokoa ba lefutso le tikoloho ka ho bapisa liphapang tsa lipakeng tsa mafahla a MZ le DZ, mme litšoantšo tsa hae tsa mafahla li hlaha mona. Ho feta moo, mofuputsi oa Canada Claude Bouchard le bo-mphato'a hae ba ile ba qapa seo ho thoeng ke thuto ea nako e telele ea "Quebec Overfeeding Study," moo ba ileng ba ithuta lipara tse 12 tsa mafahla a tona a boima ba 'mele a ileng a lula tlasa maemo a laoloang matsatsi a 120 setsing sa bakuli. Lik'hilojule tse eketsehileng tse 1000 ka letsatsi bakeng sa matsatsi a tšeletseng ka beke bakeng sa matsatsi a 84. (Bouchard le al, New England Journal of Medicine , 1990; Redden le Allison, Litlhahlobo tsa botenya , 2004; Bouchard, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition , 2009; Bouchard et al, Journal ea Machaba ea Botenya , 2014; Boima ba boima ba 'mele e ne e le 8.1 kg empa e ne e tloha ho 4.3 ho isa ho 13.3 kg. Ho makatsang ke hore ho fepa ho feteletseng ho lebisitse boima ba 'mele bo ts'oanang le liperesente tsa leruo la mafura kahare ho mafahla a mang a MZ, empa ho bile le phapang e fetang makhetlo a mararo lipakeng tsa lipara tse fapaneng ho fapana le kahare ho lipara. Ka mantsoe a mang, taolo e thata ea palo e lekanang ea ho ja haholo le ho ikoetlisa ka mokhoa o fokolang e hlahisitse likarabo tse fapaneng ho latela boima ba 'mele, sebopeho sa' mele esita le kabo ea mafura a tikoloho ka mafahla a fapaneng ka liphatsa tsa lefutso. Bouchard o hatelletse hore kaha phello ea tšebelisano efe kapa efe ea lefutso le tikoloho hangata e nyane, bafuputsi ba tlameha ho leka ho fokotsa phoso mme tsela e le ngoe ea ho qoba phoso ke ka tekanyo ea 'nete ea bophahamo le boima ho fapana le ho itšetleha ka litlaleho tsa hau tse atileng haholo lithutong tse ngata. . (Bouchard, Botenya, Supplement, 2008. bakeng sa ho khetholla qetellong liphatsa tsa lefutso. (Bouchard, 2008)

Ho theosa le lilemo, ba bangata ba thehile thoeng lingoliso tsa mafahla mafahla a likete tsa MZ le DZ, ho kenyeletsoa a Norway, Sweden le Finland, le US, (mohlala, National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council (NAS-NRC) Twin Registry; Registry ea Minnesota, le Vietnam-Era Twin Registry .) Mohlala, mofuputsi oa botenya Albert (Mickey) Stunkard, o sebelisitse lingoliso tsa mafahla tsa Sweden le Danish bakeng sa tse ling tsa lithuto tsa hae. (Jou, NEJM Stunkard et al (2014) JAMA , 1986) hape e sebelisitse Registry ea NAS-NRC ho lekola mafahla a fetang 1900 MZ le mafahla a fetang 2000 DZ ho lekola menehelo ea liphatsa tsa lefutso ho bophahamo, boima ba 'mele le BMI nakong ea boithuto ba nako e telele (ea lilemo tse 25), ka sephetho. "Ho nona ha motho ho tlas'a taolo e matla ea liphatsa tsa lefutso." Bafuputsi ba lumela hore, leha ho le joalo, likhakanyo tsa botsitso li ka tšoauoa liphoso, ka ho nyenyefatsa le ho lekanyetsa ho ka etsahala hore, ka mohlala, har'a mehloli e meng ea leeme, liphoso tsa ho theha bohloeki kapa ho nyalanya (moo banyalani ba tloaetseng ho nyalana Heymsfield le basebetsi-'moho le eena (Allison et al, Boitšoaro ba liphatsa tsa lefutso , 1996) ba boetse ba hatelletse hore "meralo e tloaelehileng ea mafahla" bakeng sa botenya ha e hlile ha e kenyeletse lintlha tse joalo ka litekanyo tsa balekane le hore na ho nyalana ka mokhoa o ikhethileng (ke hore, ho nyalana ho sa reroang) ho kanna ha ama sekhahla sa botsitso.

Thutong ea bona ea khale ea mafahla, Stunkard et al ( NEJM, 1990) ho lekantsoe lipara tse 93 tsa mafahla a tšoanang a holisitsoeng ka thoko (e 'ngoe ea mekhoa e sebetsang ea ho tseba bohlokoa ba liphatsa tsa lefutso tse arolelanoeng ho tsoa tikolohong e arolelanoeng); Lihlopha tse 154 tsa mafahla a tšoanang li holisitsoe hammoho; Mafahla a 218 a mafahla a malapa a holisitsoe ka thoko, le lipara tse 208 tsa mafahla a bana li holisitsoe hammoho, kaofela ha tsona li ne li tsoa ho Registry ea Sweden e neng e kopanya lithuto tsa mafahla le lithuto tsa ho amohela bana. Mafahla a ile a hlahlojoa lilemong tsa bona tsa bo-50, le basali ba 60%. Leha ho le joalo, bafuputsi ba hlokometse hore leha mafahla a holisoa ka thoko, a ka tšoana ha maemo a ona a ho holisa a ts'oana (mohlala, haeba mafahla a ne a beoa "ka mokhoa o ikhethileng" malapeng a neng a tšoana le a batsoali ba bona.) Ho mafahla ao ba arohaneng le batsoali ba bona ba tlhaho, hoo e ka bang halofo ea mafahla ba ile ba aroloa selemong sa pele sa bophelo, hangata ka lebaka la lefu, bokuli, kapa mathata a lichelete malapeng a tsoalo. Stunkard et al o fumane bopaki bo matla ba tšusumetso ea lefutso ho BMI, mme ba fumane hore litšusumetso tsa lefutso li atoloha ka mekhahlelo eohle ea boima, ke hore, ho tloha ho tse tšesaane ho isa ho tse nonneng. Ba boetse ba hlokometse hore mafahla a ts'oanang a holisitsoeng a na le li-coefficients tse kopaneng tsa li-intra-pair tsa 0.70 bakeng sa banna le 0.66 bakeng sa basali bakeng sa BMI mme ba phethetse thutong ena hore tikoloho ea bongoana ha e na tšusumetso e nyane kapa ebile ha e na tšusumetso. Baa hlokomelisa, leha ho le joalo, "ho ba le boiphihlelo ha ho bolele ts'oaetso e sa fetoheng, e sa fetoheng," empa litlamorao tsa lefutso tlasa maemo a itseng a tikoloho. (Stunkard et al, 1990) Ho latela maemo ao, Allison, Heymsfield le basebetsi-'moho (Faith et al, Tlaleho ea Machabeng ea Botenya, 2012) li totobalitse bohlokoa ba ho nahana ka moelelo oa tekanyo moo maemo a tikoloho a nang le moralo oa thuto (mohlala, ho balla mafahla nakong ea ha ba ja) a ka amang litholoana.

Ho theosa le lilemo, Allison, Heymsfield le basebetsi-'moho le bona ba sebelisitse moralo oa mafahla a khale ho lekola kamano ea ba bitsoang. boqapi ba lefutso tikolohong, ho kenyeletsoa le nakong ea kahare ea popelo (Allison et al, International Journal of Obesity le Matšoao a amanang le Metabolic Ba sebelisitse mohlala ona ho ithuta boima ba 'mele le khatello ea mali (Allison et al, Journal ea Amerika ea Bongaka ba Bongaka, 1995); boima ba 'mele ka mohlala oa mafahla a bana (Faith et al, Lingaka tsa bana, 1999); ho ja khalori (Faith et al, Boitšoaro ba liphatsa tsa lefutso, 1999); le ho ja ka mokhoa o itaolang (Faith et al, Journal ea Machaba ea Botenya , London , 2012)

Ntlha ea bohlokoa : Mafahla a mafahla a bile teng ho tloha mehleng ea Sir Francis Galton, ea khothalelitseng ts'ebeliso ea mafahla ho khetholla litlamorao tsa tlhaho ho tloha tlhokomelong, bofelong ba lekholo la bo19 la lilemo. Li sebelisitsoe hampe ke bafuputsi, joalo ka Manazi nakong ea Ntoa ea II ea Lefatše. Ho latela nalane, patlisiso ea bohlokoahali ea pele bakeng sa lefapha la botenya e tsoa ho Dr. Claude Bouchard et al, ea ileng a lekola mafahla a tšoanang (monozygote) tlasa maemo a laoloang a bakuli nakong ea boithuto bo fetelletseng ba Quebec, le ho Mickey Stunkard et al, ea ileng a lekola mafahla a monozygotic le a dizygotic ho arola tikoloho le litlamorao tsa lefutso, ho- bitsoa moralo oa mafahla a khale.

Lemoha ka kopo: Ena ke karolo ea I ea blog ea likarolo tse peli mabapi le ts'ebeliso ea mafahla lipatlisisong tsa botenya. Karolo ea II e tla hlahloba ka botlalo tšebeliso ea moralo oa mafahla ao ho ona lefahla le leng le sa lumellaneng molemong oa tšobotsi ha le bapisoa le le leng. Bakeng sa liteboho tse khethehileng ho ba thusitseng ho hlophisa li-blog tsa I le II, bona blog ea II.