Obama Shields Limilione tse 5 ha a na Tokomane. Na re Lokela ho Tšoenyeha?

Ke Mikhail Lyubansky, Paul Harris, William Baker le Cameron Lippard

Ha Mopresidente Barack Obama a sebelisa matla a hae a phethahatso ho fana ka mangolo a tumello ea ho sebetsa ho bajaki ba bang ba senang litokomane le ho sireletsa bajaki ba joalo ba limilione tse 5 ho tloha ho lelekoa naheng, re ka lebella hore sechaba se shebane le ho fetoha, bonyane nakoana ho ngangisano ea bojaki.

Ho boletse joalo, 'nete ea palo ea batho ea sejoale-joale e fapane hole le ea bo-1980 ka litsela tse peli tsa bohlokoa. Ho ea pele, palo ea batho ba sa ngolisoang ka molao e eketsehile ho tloha ho limilione tse 3.5 ka 1990 ho ea ho limilione tse 8.4 ka 2000 ho ea ho limilione tse 11 ka 2011 (Passel & Cohn, 2011; Batalova & Lee, 2012). Taba ea bobeli ke hore ka 1990 hoo e ka bang halofo ea bajaki ba sa lumelloang ba ne ba lula California le 80% ba lula sebakeng se seng sa libaka tse 'ne tsa bajaki (California, Texas, New York le Florida), ka li-2000 tsa pele liperesente tseo li theohetse ho 25% le 54% , ka ho latellana, ka "sebaka se secha" se kang Georgia, North Carolina, Tennessee le Arkansas kaofela li bonts'a kholo ea makhetlo a mahlano ho isa ho a tšeletseng ho tloha lilemong tsa bo-1990 (Massey, 2008; Lippard le Gallagher, 2011; Van Hook et al., 2005) . Ka lebaka leo, litereke tse ngata le bomasepala ba bangata hona joale ke lekhetlo la pele ba loantšana le liphephetso tsa ho monya le ho kopanya sechaba sa bajaki seo ba se nkang se fapane le setso se sa tloaelehang (Massey, 2008; Lippard le Gallagher, 2011; Odem le Lacy, 2009).

Sena se totobala haholo-holo Georgia, moo liperesente tsa batho ba tsoang kantle ho naha li eketsehileng hoo e ka bang 550% ho tloha 1990, ka hona ea e etsa thuto e ntle bakeng sa sechaba sohle.

Liphuputso tse tšoanang li tlalehiloe litsing tse ling tse ngata tse ka boroa le maemong (bona Ansley le Shefner, 2009; Lippard le Gallagher, 2011; Massey, 2008; Odem le Lacy, 2009; Smith le Furuseth, 2006), le lithutong tsa naha ( Setsi sa Pew Hispanic, 2007). Haholo-holo, Wampler, Chávez, and Pedraza (2009) ba fumane hore maemo a phahameng a khethollo a amme liqeto tsa batho ba sa ngolisoang ka molao le ba ngolisitsoeng hore ba lule ka ho sa feleng United States, ka linako tse ling ho feta maemo a nnete a litokomane.

Qetellong, maemo a khatello ea maikutlo a ne a fapane bakeng sa bajaki ba ngolisitsoeng le ba se nang litokomane. Joalokaha ho hlalositsoe ke Arbona et al. (2010, leq. 364), khatello ea maikutlo e bua ka "maikutlo a bakoang ke maikutlo a motho ka mong a liketsahalo le maemo a itseng bophelong" a amanang le ho sebetsa le ho phela naheng e ngoe.

Alba le Nee (2003) le Chavez (2008) ba hlokometse hore bajaki ba se nang litokomane ba sokola haholo ho kenella hare ho Amerika ho feta bajaki ba tlalehiloeng ka lebaka la ho se khone ho fihlella mananeo esita le lekala la sechaba la Amerika ka lebaka la melao e thibelang bajaki. Arbona et al. (2010) ba fumane hore bajaki ba se nang litokomane ba tlalehile maemo a phahameng a khatello ea maikutlo ka lebaka la karohano ea malapa, "moetlo," le mathata a puo ha a bapisoa le bajaki ba tlalehiloeng. Leha ho le joalo, haholo lihlopha tsena tse peli li tlalehile maemo a ts'oanang a tšabo mabapi le ho lelekoa naheng le liqeto tsa mmuso mabapi le leano la bojaki.

Mohlala, phuputso e entsoeng naheng ka bophara ea Georgia e fumane hore liperesente tse 25 li lekanyetsa keketseho ea litlolo tsa molao Georgia le bajaki, liperesente tse ka bang 75 li tiisitse hore bajaki ba fumana thuso e ngata sechabeng, mme lipalo tse kholo li ne li nka bajaki ba Mexico ba se nang litokomane e le bakoli ba khaello ea lisebelisoa tsa sechaba ho thuto ea sechaba le bophelo bo botle (Neal le Bohon, 2003).

Ha re phethela, le ha MaAmerika a thehile phapang lipakeng tsa bajaki ba ngolisitsoeng ka molao le ba se nang litokomane, ba nyatsa batho ba sa ngolisoang ka molao e le sehlopha sa mojaki se sa thahaselleng ho tsebahala, bafuputsi ba fumane liphapang tse 'maloa tsa semelo sa bona, litakatso, boitsebahatso ba bona esita le liphihlelo ka khethollo kamora ho falla . Ho feta moo, joalo ka ha ho boletsoe pejana, data e hloleha ho tšehetsa tumelo e atileng ea hore bajaki ba se nang litokomane ba hatella meputso kapa ke chelete e kenang lekhethong (Lipman, 2006). Liphumano tsena li na le litlamorao tsa bohlokoa tsa leano, haholoholo mabapi le phetoho ea bojaki e kanna ea tsepamisa maikutlo ho botsamaisi ba hajoale ba mopresidente.

Motheong oa liphuputso tsena le setsi se pharalletseng sa lingoliloeng, baetsi ba molao ba lokela ho ikutloa ba kholisehile hore moruo oa Amerika kapa sechaba ha se na ho lematsoa ke tšoarelo bakeng sa batho ba se nang litokomane ba teng hona joale United States. Ho fapana le moo, lintlha li fana ka maikutlo a hore bajaki, ho kenyeletsoa le ba se nang litokomane, ba etsa karolo ea bohlokoa ea malapa a U.S., libaka tsa mosebetsi le sechaba mme ba kanna ba tsoela pele ho etsa joalo nakong e tlang (Setsi sa Leano la Bajaki, 2009).

^{Hlokomela: Boholo ba litaba tsa poso ena li hlahile ho Lyubansky, M., Harris, P., Baker, W., Lippard, C. (2013). "Letsatsi le le leng Maralleng a Makhubelu a Georgia": Liphello tsa Boemo ba Bajaki ka Phihlelo ea Khethollo ea Bajaki ba Latino, Ts'ebeliso ea Litšebeletso tsa Sechaba, le Maikutlo ka Tloaelo ea Tikoloho. Norteamérica, Revista Académica del CISAN-UNAM Año 8, número especial.}

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