Morero oa bolotsana: Ho belaela ho matlafatsa

“Ho belaela ntho e ngoe le e ngoe kapa ho lumela ntho e ngoe le e ngoe ke tharollo e loketseng ka ho lekana; ka bobeli li fana ka tlhokahalo ea ho nahanisisa, ”ho ngotse setsebi sa lipalo le rafilosofi oa morao-rao oa 19th Henri Poincaré ( Saense le Khopolo-taba , 1905).Bakeng sa ramahlale, ho na le "bokhabane bo belaetsang," joalo ka ha ho belaela, ho se ts'oanehe, le ho belaela ho phetseng hantle li bohlokoa moetlong oa mahlale (Allison et al., Rasaense oa Amerika , 2018). Saense, kamora tsohle, e tsamaisoa ke "lits'oants'o le maikutlo a sa hlakang" (Rozenblit le Keil, Saense ea Kelello , 2002).

Ka linako tse ling leha ho le joalo, ho na le ba sebelisang hampe le ho khetha ho belaela ka mokhoa o sa nepahalang (Allison et al., 2018; Lewandowsky et al., Saense ea kelello, 2013). Tsena ke lipelaelo tse belaetsang ba sebelisang "science against science" ho etsa likhang. Ba nyenyefatsa bohlokoa ba mahlale ba ho se ts'oanehe ka ho e phephetsa ka boomo, joalo ka mohlala, ho ba hanang phetoho ea maemo a leholimo (Goldberg le Vandenberg, Maikutlo ka Bophelo ba Tikoloho, 2019).

"Pelaelo ke sehlahisoa sa rona" e ile ea fetoha mantra ea likhamphani tsa koae (Goldberg le Vandenberg, 2019). Liindasteri tse ling li lekile ho qhekella tsamaiso ea molao ka tšebeliso ea litlhahlobo tse khelosang (mohlala, ho bua ka "asma" ea "miner" ho fapana le lefu le bolaeang le "black lung"); ho kopanya lithuto tse ntle le lithuto tse fokolang; ho hira "litsebi" ka likhohlano tse hlakileng tsa lithahasello kapa merero ea bona; ho lahlela lipelaelo kae kapa kae (mohlala, ho tlosa molato ho tloha tsoekere ho ea mafura ha bobeli bo feteletseng bo ka ba kotsi); Lintlha tsa ho khetha li-cherry kapa tse hanang liphetho tse kotsi; le ho betana ad hominem litlhaselo khahlano le bo-ramahlale ba itetang ho bua 'nete ho matla (Goldberg le Vandenberg, 2019).

Tikoloho e nang le lipelaelo ke tikoloho e butsoitseng bakeng sa nts'etsopele ea likhopolo tsa momori, haholoholo molemong oa marang-rang. Ha joale re tletse "leseli" (Sunstein le Vermeule, Leqephe la Philosophy ea Lipolotiki , 2009), "infodemic," kamoo ho neng ho ka boleloa (Teovanovic et al., Sesebelisoa sa Psychology se Sebelisitsoeng, 2020), moo "karolo ea balebeli ba setso" ea boralitaba e seng e le sieo (Butter, Sebopeho sa likhopolo tsa bolotsana , S. Howe, mofetoleli, 2020). Ho feta moo, inthanete e sebetsa joalo ka mofuta oa inthanete kamore ea echo (Butter, 2020; Wang le al., Ea sechabaSaense le Bongaka , 2019) joalo ka ha kopo e phetoa khafetsa, ho bonahala e ka tšeptjoa, ke ntho e makatsang e bitsoang 'nete e thetsang (Brashier le Hlakubele, Tlhahlobo ea Selemo le Selemo ea Psychology , 2020), mme ha e tiisa haholoanyane seo re lumelang ho sona (ke hore, leeme la netefatso) . Pelaelo e fetoha kholiseho.

Khopolo ea bolotsana ke eng? Ke file ea kgodiseho hore sehlopha se na le sepheo se seng se fosahetseng. Likhopolo tsa morero oa bolotsana li nkuoa e le tsa setso, li atile ebile ha se hakaalo hore ke tsa mafu (van Prooijen le van Vugt, Menahano ea Saense ea Saense, 2018). Sebakeng sa phello ea bokuli ba kelello kapa "ho hloka kelello ho bonolo," ba ka hlahisa se bitsoang epistemology e holofetseng , ke hore, tlhaiso-leseling e fokolang e lokisang (Sunstein le Vermeule, 2009).

Likhopolo tsa bolotsana li atile ho theosa le nalane, leha li hlaha ka "maqhubu a latellanang," hangata a hlohlelletsoa ke linako tsa merusu ea sechaba (Hofstadter, Mokhoa oa Paranoid ho Lipolotiki tsa Amerika , Khatiso ea 1965). Merero ea bolotsana ehlile ea etsahala (mohlala, morero oa ho bolaea Julius Caesar), empa haufinyane tjena, ho ngola ntho e 'ngoe khopolo ea bolotsana ho na le moelelo oa pejorative, ho e nyenyefatsa le ho e etsa semmuso (Butter, 2020).

Merero ea bolotsana e na le metsoako e itseng: Tsohle li hokahane, 'me ha ho letho le etsahalang ka tšohanyetso; merero e etsoa ka boomo ebile e le lekunutu; sehlopha sa batho sea ameha; mme lipheo tseo ho thoeng ke tsa sehlopha sena li kotsi, lia ts'osa kapa lia thetsa (van Prooijen le van Vugt, 2018). Ho na le tšekamelo ea ho etsa phoso le ho theha mohopolo oa "rona-khahlanong le bona" ​​o ka lebisang pefong (Douglas, Koranta ea Spain ea Psychology , 2021; Andrade, Bongaka, Tlhokomelo ea Bophelo le Filosofi, Ka selemo sa 2020). Merero ea bolotsana e theha moelelo, e fokotsa ho se ts'oanehe, hape e hatisa mokhatlo oa batho (Butter, 2020).

Rafilosofi Karl Popper ke e mong oa ba pele ba sebelisitseng lentsoe lena ka kutloisiso ea sejoale-joale ha a ngola ka "ba fositseng" mohopolo oa bolotsana oa sechaba , ke hore bobe bofe kapa bofe bo hlahang (mohlala, ntoa, bofuma, ho hloka mosebetsi) ke litholoana tse tobileng tsa merero ea batho ba khopo (Popper, Mokhatlo o Butsoeng le Lira tsa ona , 1945). Ebile, ho bolela Popper, ho na le "litlamorao tse sa lebelloang sechabeng" tse tsoang ho ka boomo diketso tsa batho.

Moqoqong oa hae oa sejoale-joale, Hofstadter o ngotse hore batho ba bang ba na le setaele sa paranoid ka tsela eo ba bonang lefatše ka eona. O khethollelitse setaele sena, se bonoang ho batho ba tloaelehileng, ho ba fuoeng tlhatlhobo ea mafu a kelello ea paranoia, leha bobeli ba bona ba le "ho chesa haholo, ho belaella, ho ba bohale le ho feta, ho tlola le ho hlaka."

Motho ea ferekaneng kelellong ea hae, leha ho le joalo, o bona lefatše le "bora le la bolotsana" khahlano le eena ka kotloloho, athe ba nang le mokhoa oa bohlanya ba e bona e lebisitsoe khahlano le tsela ea bophelo kapa sechaba sohle. Ba nang le mokhoa oa ho hlonama ba ka bokella bopaki, empa ntlheng e 'ngoe ea "mahlonoko," ba etsa "tlholo e makatsang ea mehopolo," ke hore, "... ho tloha ho se ke keng sa latoloa ho ea sa kholoe" (Hofstadter, 1965). Ho feta moo, ba lumelang khopolo e le 'ngoe ea bolotsana ba khona ho lumela ho tse ling, esita le tse sa amaneng le bona (van Prooijen le van Vugt, 2018).

Hang ha likhopolo tsa bolotsana li se li le teng, li "thatafala ka mokhoa o sa tloaelehang" mme li na le boleng ba "ho itšireletsa": Karolo ea bona ea mantlha ke hore ba "hanela khalemelo haholo" (Sunstein le Vermeule, 2009). "Monna ea nang le tumelo ke motho ea thata ho fetoha. Mo bolelle hore ha u lumellane 'me oa furalla ... Ipiletsa ho mabaka' me o sitoa ho bona ntlha ea hau," ho ngotse litsebi tsa kelello tsa sechaba Stanley Schachter le Leon Festinger thutong ea bona e khahlisang e neng e kenyelletsa ho kenella sehlopheng seo baetapele ba sona, ba lemositsoeng ke melaetsa e rometsoeng ke "libopuoa tse phahameng" ho tsoa polaneteng e ngoe, ba porofetileng boemo ba bofelo ba lefats'e. Ha ba tobane le "bopaki bo ke keng ba latoloa ba ho se tiisehe," ba sehlopheng ba neng ba tšehelitsoe ke ba bang ba ile ba fokotsa ho hloka kutloano le pherekano ka ho beha mabaka ka hore na hobaneng ponelopele ea bona e sa etsahala mme "ba matlafatsa tumelo ea bona," ho kenyelletsa le ho batla ka cheseho basokolohi ba bacha ( Festinger et al., Ha Boprofeta bo Hloloa , 1956).

Hobaneng ha likhopolo tsa bolotsana li le khahlanong le leshano? Re mahlomola a kelello: Bongata ba rona re tloaetse ho arabela ho nahanisisa hona le ho nahanisisa 'me u qobe ho nahana ka tlhaiso-leseling hobane ho le thata ho etsa joalo (Pennycook le Rand, Journal ea Botho , 2020). Re tloaetse ho batla litlhaloso tsa mabaka mme re fumane moelelo le lipapatso liketsahalong tse sa reroang e le mokhoa oa ho ikutloa re bolokehile tikolohong ea rona (Douglas et al., Litsela tsa hajoale ho Saense ea Psychological , 2017). Ho feta moo, re tloaetse ho nahana hore re utloisisa lefatše ka "makolopetso, tšebelisano le botebo" - ho bitsoa leshano la botebo ba tlhaloso— Ho feta kamoo re hlileng re etsang (Rozenblit le Keil, 2002).

Ntlha ea bohlokoa: Likhopolo tsa bolotsana li bile teng ho theosa le nalane 'me li fumaneha hohle. Ba lumelang ha se hakaalo hore ha ba na kelello kapa ba ferekane kelellong, empa ho lumela ho bona ho ka lebisa ho pefo, ho fetoloa, le mohopolo oa "rona-khahlanong le bona". Haufinyane tjena ba se ba nkile moelelo oa pejorative. Tlhoko ea rona ea botho ea ho bona mekhahlelo liketsahalong tse sa reroang le ho ba teng moo ho se nang letho e re etsang hore re be kotsing ea tšusumetso ea bona.

Ho lumela likhopolong tsa bolotsana hoa tiea ebile haholo ha ho na khalemelo. Marang-rang a hlahisa kamore ea molumo eo ho eona ho pheta-pheta ho hlahisang leshano la 'nete. Tikolohong ena, pelaelo efe kapa efe e kanna ea fetoha kholiseho.

Liteboho tse khethehileng ho Dr. David B. Allison, Dean oa Sekolo sa Bophelo ba Sechaba, Univesithi ea Indiana, Bloomington, ka ho lebisa tlhokomelo khotheisheneng ea Poincaré.