Tšoenyeha ka Bashemane, Haholo-holo Bana ba Bashemane

Hangata re utloa hore bashanyana ba hloka ho ts'oaroa e le hore e se ke ea e-ba bo-sisisi. Ho ba thata ha batsoali ho masea ho bile ho ketekoa e le "ho se senye ngoana."

Phoso! Mehopolo ena e ipapisitse le ho se utloisise hore na masea a hola joang. Ho e-na le hoo, masea a itšetleha ka tlhokomelo e bonolo, e arabelang hantle hore e hōle hantle — e fellang ka boitšoaro, tsebo ea sechaba le ho ameha ka ba bang.

Tlhahlobo ea lipatlisiso tse matla e sa tsoa tsoa ke Allan N. Schore, e bitsoang "Bara ba Rona Bohle: Ntshetsopele ya Neurobiology le Neuroendocrinology ya Bashemane ba Kotsing."

Tlhahlobo ena e phethahetseng e bontša hore na hobaneng re lokela ho tšoenyeha ka hore na re tšoara bashanyana joang mathoasong a bophelo ba bona. Lintlha tse 'maloa ke tsena:

Hobaneng ha boiphihlelo ba bongoaneng bo susumetsa bashanyana haholo ho feta banana?

• Bashemane ba hola butle butle 'meleng, sechabeng le puong.
• Likarolo tsa khatello ea kelello tse laolang khatello ea kelello li hola butle ho bashemane ka pelehi, ka ho felletseng le ka morao.
• Bashemane ba angoa hampe ke khatello ea maikutlo ea tikoloho, kahare le kantle ho popelo, ho feta banana. Banana ba na le mekhoa e hahelletsoeng ka ho fetesisa e matlafatsang mamello khahlanong le khatello ea maikutlo.

Ke joang bashanyana ba amehang ho feta banana?

• Bashemane ba tlokotsing ea khatello ea maikutlo le boimana ka popelong, tsieleho ea pelehi (mohlala, ho arohana le mme), le tlhokomelo e sa arabeleng (tlhokomelo e ba sieang ba le tsietsing). Tsena li na le khatello ea maikutlo le tšusumetso e kholo ho nts'etsopele ea lefats'e ea bokong — e holang kapele haholo bophelong ba bongoaneng ho feta lefats'e la boko bo letšehali. Karolo e nepahetseng ea lefats'e hangata e theha litsamaiso tsa boko ba taolo tse amanang le boits'oaro le boits'oaro.
• Nako e tloaelehileng bashanyana ba sa tsoa tsoaloa ba itšoara ka tsela e fapaneng tekong ea boits'oaro ba masea, ba bonts'a maemo a phahameng a cortisol (hormone e bokellang e bonts'ang khatello ea maikutlo) kamora moo ho feta banana.
• Likhoeling tse tšeletseng, bashanyana ba bontša ho ferekana ho feta banana. Nakong ea likhoeli tse 12, bashanyana ba bontša karabelo e kholo ho litšitiso tse mpe.
• Schore o qotsa lipatlisiso tsa Tronick, ea ileng a fihlela qeto ea hore "Bashemane ... ke balekane ba bangata ba boiketlo ba sechaba, ba na le linako tse thata ho feta tsa ho laola linaha tsa bona, mme ba kanna ba hloka tšehetso e eketsehileng ea bo-mme ho ba thusa ho laola ho ama. Keketseho ena e batloang e ka ama tšebelisano 'moho ea bashanyana le masea ”(leq. 4).

Re ka fihlela qeto efe ho tsoa boitsebisong?

Bashemane ba tlokotsing ea mathata a methapo ea pelo a hlahang ka mokhoa o holang (banana ba tlokotsing ea mathata a hlahang hamorao). Tsena li kenyelletsa autism, schizophrenia ea pele ho nako, ADHD le mathata a boitšoaro. Tsena li ntse li eketseha lilemong tse mashome tsa morao tjena (ho khahlisang, joalo ka ha masea a mangata a kentsoe litsing tsa tlhokomelo ea bana, hoo e ka bang kaofela ha tsona li fana ka tlhokomelo e sa lekaneng bakeng sa masea; Setsi sa Naha sa Bophelo ba Bana le Nts'etsopele ea Batho, Nete ea Phuputso ea Tlhokomelo ea Bana ba Pele, 2003).

Schore o re, "ha ho talingoa hore lesea le tona le hola butle bokong, tšebetso ea 'm'ae e sireletsehileng e laolang taolo ea boko ba hae bo nepahetseng selemong sa pele e bohlokoa molemong oa kholo e ntle ea banna le maikutlo." (leq. 14)

"Ka kakaretso, maqephe a fetileng a mosebetsi ona a fana ka maikutlo a hore liphapang lipakeng tsa bong ka mekhoa ea likhoele tsa boko tse ikarabellang bakeng sa liphapang tsa bong litabeng tsa sechaba le maikutlo li thehiloe qalong ea bophelo; hore mananeo a nts'etsopele a liphapang tsena a feta liphatsa tsa lefutso "khoutu" (leqephe 26)

Tlhokomelo e sa lokang e shebahala joang lilemong tsa pele tsa bophelo?

“Ho fapana haholo le boemo bona ba ho hokella ho holisang kholo, kamanong e amanang le kholo ea ho pepa kamora 'pelehi, ho ba le kutlo e tlase ho boemo bo botle ba bo-mme, karabelo le taolo li amahanngoa le likhakanyo tse sa sireletsehang. Maemong a kotsi ka ho fetesisa a likamano tse mpe tsa tlhekefetso le tlhekefetso ea maiketsetso (tlhekefetso le / kapa ho se tsotelle), mohlokomeli oa mantlha oa lesea le sa sireletsehang le senyehileng le baka maemo a sithabetsang a ho mamella tšusumetso e mpe ho ngoana (AN Schore, 2001b, 2003b) . Ka lebaka leo, lits'ebetso tse sa sebetseng tsa allostatic li hlahisa ho senyeha ho fetelletseng bokong bo ntseng bo hola, lipapatso tse matla tsa "apoptotic" tsa "subcortical-cortical stress circuits" le litlamorao tse mpe tsa nako e telele tsa bophelo bo botle (McEwen & Gianaros, 2011). Matšoenyeho a amanang le likamano linakong tse mahlonoko tsa nts'etsopele ea boko ka hona a etsa hore 'mele o sebetse hantle ka ho sa feleng bokong bo nepahetseng, o fetole khokahano ea corticolimbic ho HPA, mme o hlahise monyetla oa ho ba le mathata a kamoso a taolo ea taolo e bontšitsoeng khaello ea ho sebetsana le khatello ea maikutlo ea kahisano. Pejana, ke hlalositse hore boko ba banna bo holang butle-butle bo kotsing ea ho hlaseloa haholo ke mokhoa ona oa ho ikopanya, o hlahisoang ka likhaello tse matla mesebetsing ea sechaba le maikutlo. ” (Leq. 13)

Tlhokomelo e loketseng e shebahala joang bokong?

“Boemong bo botle ka ho fetesisa, mochini o ikopantseng oa ho iphetola ha lintho, o hola nakong ea kholo e nepahetseng ea boko, ka hona o lumella maemo a epigenetic tikolohong ea sechaba hore a ame mekhoa ea genomic le ea lihormone maemong a bokong le a bokong. Qetellong ea selemo sa pele le selemong sa bobeli, litsi tse phahameng tse tseleng e nepahetseng ea "orbitofrontal" le "ventromedial cortices" li qala ho theha likhokahano tse lumellanang tsa synaptic le litsi tse tlase tsa subcortical, ho kenyeletsoa litsamaiso tsa tsoho bohareng ba boko le kutu ea boko le mokokotlo oa HPA, ka hona li lumella bakeng sa maano a rarahaneng a amang taolo, haholo nakong ea khatello ea maikutlo. Seo se boletse, joalo ka ha ke hlokometse ho 1994, orbitofrontal cortex e nepahetseng, sistimi ea taolo ea sephutheloana, e sebetsa hantle ho latela linako tse fapaneng tsa basali le banna, ka hona, phapang le kholo li tsitsisa pejana ho basali ho feta tsa banna (AN Schore, 1994). Boemong bofe kapa bofe, maemo a nepahetseng a likhokahano a lumella nts'etsopele ea sistimi e nepahetseng ea ts'ebetsong le ts'itiso ea maikutlo ho axis ea HPA le boits'oaro bo ikemetseng, likarolo tsa bohlokoa molemong oa ho sebetsana ka katleho le bokhoni. " (Leq. 13)

Tlhokomeliso: Mona ke sehlooho sa morao tjena ho hlalosa sehlomathiso.

Litlamorao tse sebetsang ho batsoali, litsebi le baetsi ba melao:

1. Hlokomela hore bashanyana ba hloka tlhokomelo e ngata, eseng e tlase, ho feta banana.

2. Hlahloba mekhoa eohle ea tsoalo ea sepetlele. Morero oa Sepetlele se Amohelang Bana ke qalo empa ha oa lekana. Ho latela tlhahlobo ea morao-rao ea lipatlisiso, ho na le li-epigenetic le litlamorao tse ling tse etsahalang nakong ea tsoalo.

Ho arohana ha mme le lesea nakong ea tsoalo ho kotsi ho masea ohle, empa Schore o supa hore na e baka kotsi e kae ho bashanyana:

"Ho pepesetsa monna ea sa tsoa tsoaloa ... Karohano e phetoang e baka boits'oaro bo fetelletseng, 'me "liphetoho ... tsa pele-tsa maoto, ke hore, libaka tse sa sebetseng ka mathata a fapaneng a kelello" (leq. 862).

3. Fana ka tlhokomelo e amohelang . Bo-'mè, bo-ntate le bahlokomeli ba bang ba lokela ho qoba khatello e kholo ea maikutlo ho ngoana - "ho mamella tšusumetso e mpe" Sebakeng sa tšoaro e mpe e tloaelehileng e tona ea banna ("ho ba etsa banna") ka ho ba tlohella hore ba lle joalo ka masea ebe o ba joetsa hore ba se lle joalo ka bashanyana, ka ho tima lerato le litloaelo tse ling ho "ba thatafatsa," bashanyana ba lokela ho tšoaroa ka tsela e fapaneng: ka bonolo le tlhompho bakeng sa litlhoko tsa bona tsa ho sika le mosa.

Hlokomela hore bashanyana ba pelehi ha ba khone ho sebelisana ka boiketsetso le bahlokomeli mme ka hona ba hloka tlhokomelo e hlokolosi haholo joalo ka ha kholo ea bona ea neurobiological e ntse e tsoela pele.

4. Fana ka matsatsi a phomolo a batsoali . Hore batsoali ba fane ka tlhokomelo e arabelang, ba hloka nako, ho tsepamisa maikutlo le matla. Sena se bolela ho fallela phomolong ea bo-mme le bo-ntate e lefuoang bonyane selemo, nako eo masea a leng tlokotsing haholo. Sweden e na le maano a mang a lumellanang le malapa a nolofalletsang batsoali ho arabela.

5. Hlokomela chefo ea tikoloho. Ntho e 'ngoe eo ke sa kang ka sebetsana le eona, eo Schore ae etsang, ke litlamorao tsa chefo ea tikoloho. Bashemane ba banyenyane ba angoa hampe ke chefo ea tikoloho le eona e sitisang nts'etsopele ea boko bo nepahetseng ba lefats'e (mohlala, li-plastiki tse kang BpA, bis-phenol-A). Schore o lumellana le tlhahiso ea Lamphear (2015) ea hore "ho phahama ho holofetseng hoa kholo ho amana le chefo ea tikoloho bokong bo ntseng bo hola." Sena se fana ka maikutlo a hore re lokela ho ba hlokolosi haholo ka ho kenya lik'hemik'hale tse chefo moeeng oa rona, mobung le metsing. Seo ke sehlooho sa poso e 'ngoe ea blog.

Qetello

Ehlile, ha rea ​​lokela ho tšoenyeha ka bashanyana feela empa re nke bohato bakeng sa masea ohle. Re hloka ho hlokomela bana bohle. Bana bohle ba lebelletse le ho hloka, bakeng sa nts'etsopele e nepahetseng, sehlaha se iphetotseng, motheo oa tlhokomelo ea pele e fanang ka tlhokomelo, tlhokomelo e fokotsang khatello ea maikutlo e khothalletsang kholo ea kholo ea boko. Laboratori ea ka e ithuta Sehlaha se Tsoetseng Pele 'me e fumana e amana le litholoana tsohle tse ntle tsa bana tseo re ithutileng tsona.

Poso e latelang: Hobaneng U Tšoenyeha ka ho Ts'oareloa Banna? Boitšoaro bo Bontšitsoeng!

Hlokomela ka lebollo:

Babali ba hlahisitse lipotso ka lebollo. Datasetete ea USA e hlahlojoang ke Dr. Schore ha ea kenyelletsa tlhaiso-leseling ka lebollo, ka hona ha ho na mokhoa oa ho tseba hore na tse ling tsa liphetho li kanna tsa ba ka lebaka la ts'itiso ea lebollo, e ntseng e atile USA. Bala haholwanyane ka litlamorao tsa lebollo mona.

Tlhokomeliso likhopolong tsa mantlha:

Ha ke ngola ka ho holisa bana, ke nka bohlokoa ba sehlaha se iphetotseng kapa nts'etsopele ea nts'etsopele ea ho holisa masea a batho (e qalileng lilemong tse fetang limilione tse 30 tse fetileng ka ho hlaha ha liphoofolo tse anyesang 'me e fetotsoe hanyane hara batho. lihlopha tse ipapisitseng le lipatlisiso tsa anthropology).

EDN ke motheo oa motheo oo ke o sebelisang ho lekola se khothalletsang bophelo bo botle ba batho, boiketlo le boits'oaro bo nang le kutloelo-bohloko. Niche ena e kenyelletsa bonyane tse latelang: .

Litšobotsi tsohle tsa EDN li hokahane le bophelo bo botle lithutong tsa mammalian le tsa batho (bakeng sa litlhahlobo, bona Narvaez, Panksepp, Schore & Gleason, 2013; Narvaez, Valentino, Fuentes, McKenna & Gray, 2014; Narvaez, 2014) Kahoo, e suthela hole le EDN metheo ea motheo e kotsi 'me e tlameha ho tšehetsoa ka tlhaiso-leseling e telele ea bophelo bo botle e shebileng likarolo tse ngata tsa bophelo bo botle ba kelello le neurobiological ho bana le ho batho ba baholo. Maikutlo le melaetsa ea ka e tsoa mehopolong ena ea mantlha.

Laboratori ea ka ea lipatlisiso e bontšitse bohlokoa ba EDN bakeng sa boiketlo ba bana le kholo ea boitšoaro ka lipampiri tse ngata mesebetsing (bona webosaete ho jarolla lipampiri).

Lanphear, B.P. (2015). Kameho ea chefo bokong bo ntseng bo hola. Tlhahlobo ea selemo le selemo ea Bophelo ba Sechaba, 36, 211-230.

McEwen, BS, & Gianaros, PJ (2011). Ho imeloa kelellong le khatello ea kelello ea allostasis. Tlhahlobo ea Selemo le Selemo ea Bongaka, 62, 431-445.

Schore, AN (1994). Ama melao ea tsamaiso tšimoloho ea motho. Neurobiology ea kholo ea maikutlo. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.

Schore, AN (2001a). Litlamorao tsa kamano e sireletsehileng ea khokahano kholisong e nepahetseng ea boko, li ama taolo le bophelo bo botle ba kelello ba masea. Koranta ea masea a bophelo bo botle ba kelello, 22, 7-66.

Schore, AN (2001b). Litlamorao tsa ts'itiso e amanang le kamano holima kholo ea boko, li ama taolo le bophelo bo botle ba kelello ba masea. Koranta ea masea a bophelo bo botle ba kelello, 22, 201-269.

Schore, A. N. (2017). Bara bohle ba rona: Nurobiology ea nts'etsopele le neuroendocrinology ea bashanyana ba kotsing. Koranta ea Infant Mental Health, e-pub pele ho khatiso doi: 10.1002 / imhj.21616

Setsi sa Naha sa Bophelo ba Bana le Nts'etsopele ea Botho, Lenaneo la Patlisiso ea Tlhokomelo ea Bana ba Pele (2003). Na nako e sebelisitsoeng tlhokomelong ea bana e bolela esale pele phetoho ea maemo a bophelo nakong ea phetoho ho ea Kindergarten? Mokhatlo oa Patlisiso ho Nts'etsopele ea Bana, Inc.